Numerous consumer and business end uses are constrained by the performance and cost characteristics of existing battery technologies. Who would not appreciate a laptop or cell phone that could operate longer on a charge, or a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) that could go further in its electrical mode and last 15 years without a battery replacement? What data center facility manager wouldn’t jump at the chance to replace existing lead acid batteries for an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) with batteries that occupied less floor space and had greater cycle life, greater storage capacity, and greater reliability?